On 28 November 1945, an 8.1 magnitude earthquake was generated in the northern Arabian Sea off the Makran coast (Berninghausen, 1966; Quittmeyer and Jacob, 1979; Ambraseys and Melville, 1982). The earthquake was felt in Karachi, Pakistan, where ground motions (figure 2) lasted approximately 30 seconds, stopping the clock in the Karachi Municipality Building and interrupting the communication cable link between Karachi and Muscat off Pakistan's Makran Coast (Balochistan) generated a destructive tsunami in the Northern Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. More than 4,000 people were killed along the Makran Coast of Pakistan by both the earthquake and the tsunami.
The tsunami reached a height of 17m(50 feet) in some Makran ports and caused great
damage to the entire coastal region. A good number of people were washed away. The
tsunami was also recorded at Muscat and Gwadar.
The damage from the earthquake was great, but the greatest destruction to the region was caused by the tsunami that was generated. Tsunami waves "swept the whole of the Arabian Sea coast" .
The fishing village of Khudi, Pakistan and its entire population, 48 km west of Karachi, was swept away.
Tsunami has been observed in the North Indian Ocean on the Iranian coast
An unresolved problem with this earthquake, however, is that although a minor tsunami was caused by the earthquake, thedamagingtsunami occurred 2-3 hours later both near the epicenter and at Karachi
INDIA - Tsunami waves as high as 11.0 to 11.5 m(30 feet) struck the Kutch region of Gujarat, on the west coast of India. There was extensive destruction and loss of life. Eyewitnesses reported that the tsunami came in like a fast rising tide.
The tsunami reached as far south as Mumbai. Bombay Harbor, Versova (Andheri), Haji Ali (Mahalaxmi), Juhu (Ville Parle) and Danda (Khar). In Mumbai the height of the tsunami was 2 meters. Fifteen (15) persons were washed away.
According to reports the first wave was observed at 8:15am (local time) on Salsette Island in Mumbai (3). There was no report on damage at Bombay Harbor.
Five people died at Versova (Andheri, Mumbai), and six more at Haji Ali (Mahalaxmi, Mumbai), Several fishing boats were torn off their moorings at Danda and Juhu.
Some recorded tsunamis in India:
Date
Location
1524
1762
1819 1847 1881 1883 1941 1945
Near Dabhol, MaharashtraAn earthquake occurred during 1524 A.D. off the coast of Dabhol, Maharashtra and. a resulting large tsunami caused considerable alarm to the Portuguese fleet that was assembled in the area (Bendick and Bilham, 1999). West Bengal and Orissa due to quake at Arakan Coast, Myanmar West coast of India due to quake at Rann of Kutch, Gujarat Great Nicobar Island Car Nicobar Island On the east coast, due to Krakatoa eruption On the east coast due to eruptions at Andaman Islands On the west coast of India including Mumbai due to a quake at Merkan Coast, Baluchistan
Other Earthquake Effects
Reports by S.M. Mathur and D.N. Wadia (pertaining to the Geology of India) mention that the earthquake caused the eruption of a mud volcano a few miles off the Makran Coast of Pakistan. This eruption formed four small islands. It was reported that a large volume of gas emitted at one of these islands ;sent flames "hundreds of meters" into the sky.
Such mud volcanoes are not uncommon in the Sindh region of the Makran coast.
Their presence indicates the existence of high petroleum deposits. They are known to discharge flammable gases such as methane, ethane and traces of other hydrocarbons.
Thus, the flames that were observed following the eruption of one of the mud volcanoes resulted from emitted natural gas, which caught fire after the earthquake.
The India tectonic plate has been drifting and moving in a north/northeast direction, for millions of years colliding with the Eurasian tectonic plate and forming the Himalayan Mountains. (USGS graphic showing the migration of the Indian tectonic plate)
Satellite photo of a section of the Makran rugged and tectonic coastline showing uplifted terraces, headlands, sandy beaches, mud flats, rocky cliffs, bays and deltas. Numerous mud volcanoes are present along the shores. ==================================================
HIGH TIDES OVER FLOWING ON TO ROAD ;IN CARTAGENA CITY,COLOMBIA ==============================================================================================
Potential[future] Tsunami Generating Sources Along the Makran Seismic Zone and Bombay A factor that could contribute to the destructiveness of a tsunami along the Makran coastline would be the relatively large astronomical tide, which is about 10-11 feet.
A tsunami generated during high tide
High tide
would be significantly more destructive; FOR mumbai CITY.
LATEST NEWS:-Magnitude 7.2 earth quake in - SOUTHWESTERN PAKISTAN ---2011 January 18
HIGH TIDE +TSUNAMI
11 March 2011Last updated at 13:08 GMT [TODAY]
11 March 2011Last updated at 13:08 GMT
Japan tsunami: Wave forecast map
Tsunamis
A tsunami is a series of waves - the first may not be the largest
Wave heights cannot be predicted and can vary along a coast due to local effects
The time from one tsunami wave to the next can be five minutes to an hour
Tsunami warnings were issued for coastal areas across the Pacific basin - from Hawaii to Chile - as a result of the waves triggered by the Japan earthquake.
This map shows the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center's "tsunami forecast model" of wave heights above normal sea level across the region and how long after the 0546 GMT earthquake they were expected.
Japan quake seventh largest in history
The monster 8.9-magnitude earthquake which hit Japan was the country's biggest ever and the seventh largest on record, according to US Geological Survey data.
Here are the largest magnitude earthquakes in history, according to the USGS website: 9.5, Chile, May 5, 1960
A quake off the coast of southern Chile killed more than 1,600 people and left 2,000,000 homeless.
9.2, Alaska, United States, March 27, 1964
A quake and tsunami killed 128 people and caused severe damage to the state's largest city Anchorage. 9.1, Indonesia, December 26, 2004
An undersea quake caused a massive tsunami that devastated coastlines in countries around the Indian Ocean, ultimately killing more than 220,000 people. 9.0, Russia, November 4, 1952
A quake off the coast of the remote Kamchatka peninsula in Russia's far east caused Pacific-wide tsunamis. 9.0, Peru, August 13, 1868
The port of Arica, which is now part of Chile, was hit by a quake felt up to 1,400 kilometres (870 miles) away. 9.0, North America, January 26, 1700
A quake affecting 1,000 kilometres of coastline set off a tsunami that crossed the Pacific Ocean and caused damage to coastal villages in Japan. 8.9, Japan, March 11, 2011
An undersea quake off northeast Japan unleashed a 10-metre-high tsunami which left devastation in its wake. 8.8, Chilean coast, February 27, 2010
An offshore quake and tsunami killed more than 500 people, most in the coastal area of Maule, 400 kilometres (250 miles) south-west of the capital Santiago. 8.8, Ecuador, January 31, 1906
A quake struck off the coast of Ecuador and Colombia and was felt as far away as San Francisco. 8.7, Alaska, February 4, 1965
A quake in the remote Rat Islands generated a tsunami reported to be 10 metres high. 8.7, Portugal, November 1, 1755
The capital Lisbon was struck by a quake while many residents were in church. A quarter of the city's population perished. 8.7, Chile, July 8, 1730
A quake hit the city of Valparaiso, 120 kilometres northwest of the capital Santiago, causing a tsunami which hit more than 1,000 kilometres of coastline.
More than 300 dead and more than 500 are feared missing in the massive earthquake that struck Japan on Friday, March 11, 2011. There has been widespread loss to infrastructure, the coastal areas of Japan being the worst affected.
Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited,its directors and employees do not own any responsibility
HYDERABAD, March 13, 2011
The city-based Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), which ruled out a tsunami threat for the Indian Ocean on Friday, reconfirmed on Saturday that the sea levels in the Indian Ocean were not different from what had been anticipated.
INCOIS issued the first bulletin just seven minutes after the massive undersea quake near the east coast of Honshu in Japan on Friday.
The Indian Early Tsunami Warning System based on the data it received from seismic stations, sea level gauges, bottom pressure recorders (tsunami buoys) and the numerical model to predict the water level changes expected at various locations along the Indian coast worked well, a release from INCOIS said.
It reported that following the main shock on Friday till 9 a.m. on Saturday, about 130 aftershocks of more than 6.0 magnitude were recorded.
In fact, the first bulletin issued at 11.24 a.m. predicted the estimated magnitude of the quake in Honshu at 7.9 Mwp, and the estimated focal depth was 10 km. This matched with the initial magnitudes reported by other centres such as USGS.
Subsequently, on the arrival of more data from seismic stations, the magnitude was re-estimated at magnitude 8.6 and focal depth 5 km. This information was issued through the second bulletin at 12.15 p.m. Both the bulletins indicated that the India Ocean did not face a tsunami threat.
Both the bulletins were disseminated to the relevant departments in the Centre such as the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the National Disaster Management Authority, and other regional contacts.
INCOIS has 22 sea-level gauges at Aerial Bay, Chennai, Ennore, Garden Reach, Haldia, Kandla, Karwar, Krishnapatnam, Marmagao, Machilipatnam, Nagapattinam, Paradeep, Port Blair, Vadinar, Visakhapatnam, among others, and three bottom pressure recorders. Two such recorders in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal got triggered to tsunami mode due to the arrival of seismic waves. -----------------------------------------------
2004 TSUNAMI -ACEH-INDONESIA
Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited,its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same.
BOMBAY EARTH QUAKES IN THE PAST:-
Year Month Intensity (MMI)/Magnitude (R)
1618 May IX MAGNITUDE (9) IS VERY VERY SEVERE EARTH QUAKE LUCKLY BEFORE CITY WAS MADE
1832 Oct VI MAGNITUDE(7) IS SEVERE EARTH QUAKE
1906 March VI MAGNITUDE (6) IS ALSO SEVERE
1929 February V MAGNITUDE (5)
1933 July V MAGNITUDE (5)
1951 April VIII MAGNITUDE (8) VERY SEVERE
1966 May V (5)
1967 April 4.5 (R)
1967 June 4.2 (R)
1993 September 6.4 (R)
1998 May 3.8
2005 March 5.1
2005 June 3.7
2005 August 4.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mumbai: While several parts of coastal
India had hit the panic button, the financial capital of the country
was on the alert, but not in fright.
According to a senior BMC official, "Studies and experts assert
that tsunami can never hit Mumbai, as there isn't any epicenter in the
ocean on the western side. It’s only earthquakes that can bother the
city because there are three major active fault lines in Panvel, Koyna
and another spot, which is in Pakistan.”
Chief officer of BMC’s Disaster Management Cell M Narvekar said,
“Though there was no alert in Mumbai, as per the norms, we had kept all
the facilities on a stand-by. Also, we were constantly taking details
from INCOIS, which is the central nodal agency and gives accurate hourly
updates.”
Narvekar added that there are three types of SOPs — Alert, Warning
and Watch — and Mumbai was on Watch, wherein the situation was only to
be observed.
Likewise, civic body’s Standing Committee Chairman Rahul Shewale
said, “We are prepared for disasters like buildings collapse during
rains and earthquake. In case of an emergency, we’d have activated the
ward-level disaster controls following which 256 fire engines, 30
ambulances, along with several private ambulances would have been sent
to help people.”
Anna's paternal grandfather arrived in India in 1810 as a cadet in the East India Company's army. Gently born women who were English and would deign to glance at someone of his low social status weren't numerous in India, so he married an Indian-born Eurasian.
It's a measure of her low social status that not even her name has survived. It was her existence that Anna Harriett Emma Edwards was determined to suppress.
Anna was born in 1831 in the cantonment of Ahmednuggar, inland from Bombay. She was no lady, but she would become one.
The process of reinvention began in earnest in 1859. Anna had married well, in that she and her husband, Thomas Leon Owens, loved each other deeply.
(Tom chose to use Leonowens as his surname.)
But he had risen to become a "hotel master" in Malaya, and now he was dead.
Anna retreated to Singapore with her two young children. No one knew her there, which suited her perfectly. She was intelligent, multilingual and well spoken.
She started a small school, virtually the only profession open to someone in her position, and so began an astonishing odyssey that would take her to the Grand Palace of Bangkok, the literary salons of New York and Boston, on a reporting tour of pre-revolutionary Russia, to a position teaching Sanskrit in a German university, to feminist activism in Halifax and, finally, to Montreal, where she died in 1915.
Of course, she had no wish to hide these later, well-known reinventions. It's Morgan's discovery of the Bombay Anna of her title that carries this biography.
Anyone who thinks the British experience in India was a long succession of polo, tea and brave officers leading the charge against howling native hordes will be riveted by Morgan's portrait of the gritty Anglo-Indian underclass from which Anna sprang.
The author also makes a brave attempt to defend Anna against the charge that she belittled King Mongkut in her first book, The English Governess at the Siamese Court. Though straining at times, Morgan is persuasive that Anna was right to think of the women in the inner palace as slaves; whether wives, concubines or court functionaries, they weren't necessarily happy with their lot.
Morgan also argues that while Anna occasionally offered Mongkut useful advice about the West, he was anything but her puppet.
There is another reinvented Anna, growing out of the fictionalized 1944 biography Anna and the King of Siam. Its author was Margaret Landon, who had been a missionary there.
Because Landon's husband became a policy officer for Southeast Asia at the CIA and the State Department after the couple returned to the United States, Broadway Anna played a part in making Thailand a U.S. ally during the Vietnam War and, today, a favourite destination of American tourists.
~1882 – More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay were killed when a cyclone in the Arabian Sea pushed massive waves into the harbor.
1855 cyclone in Bombay -boats destroyed at Appollo Bunder [lower picture]
A CYCLONE WHICH MISSED BOMBAY:-Cyclone Phyan-Wed Nov 11 2009
were expected to experience high-speed winds reaching upto 90 KM per hour.All 24 control rooms of the BMC have been "activated".;but THE CYCLONE MISSED THE CITY
Cyclone Phyan bypasses Mumbai, city :-Phyan crossed the coast between Mumbai and Alibag, to the south of the city, between 3:30 p.m. and 4:30 p.m Indian Navy helicopter rescued fishermen from a sinking vessel off Ratnagiri, the Coast Guard assisted two offshore vessels at Bombay High which were stranded at sea,.
NASA's Aqua satellite captured the path of Cyclone Phyan where cold thunderstorm cloud tops with temperatures as cold as -63 degrees Fahrenheit (in purple) indicate strong convection is occurring in the storm. Credit: NASA JPL, Ed Olsen
