European military encampment.--Artist: Johnson, John (c.1769-1846) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1795

Water-colour painting of a European military encampment by John Johnson (c.1769-1846). This image is from a sketch-book of 36 drawings depicting scenes chiefly in West India and Mysore, c. 1795-1801.

Johnson served with the Bombay Engineers, chiefly engaged on survey work. During the third Mysore War (1790-92) he was with the Maratha and Bombay armies and surveyed routes from Poona to Dharwar and later in Malabar and Mysore. From 1792 to 1799 he was on survey in Malabar. During the fourth Mysore War (1799) he surveyed the Bombay Army's route to Seringapatam and during the siege he was employed in the north batteries under Colin MacKenzie. He was on survey work in Goa in 1800 and in N. Kanara 1800-01.

Military encampment at the foot of a fortified hill. Infantry sepoy in foreground.-Artist: Johnson, John (c.1769-1846) Medium: Watercolour Date: 1795-

Water-colour painting of a military encampment at the foot of a fortified hill by John Johnson (c.1769-1846). This image is from a sketch-book of 36 drawings depicting scenes chiefly in West India and Mysore, c. 1795-1801.

Johnson served with the Bombay Engineers, chiefly engaged on survey work. During the third Mysore War (1790-92) he was with the Maratha and Bombay armies and surveyed routes from Poona to Dharwar and later in Malabar and Mysore. From 1792 to 1799 he was on survey in Malabar. During the fourth Mysore War (1799) he surveyed the Bombay Army's route to Seringapatam and during the siege he was employed in the north batteries under Colin MacKenzie. He was on survey work in Goa in 1800 and in N. Kanara 1800-01.

View of Mazagon.--Artist: Gonsalves, Jose M. (fl. 1826-c.1842) Medium: Lithograph Date: 1826

Lithograph of a view of Mazagon by Jose M. Gonsalves (fl. 1826-c.1842). Plate 6 from his 'Lithographic Views of Bombay' published in Bombay in 1826. Gonsalves, thought to be of Goan origin, was one of the first artists to practice lithography in Bombay and specialised in topographical views of the city. Like Colaba, Mazagon was an ancient Koli fishing village. From the mid-16th century, the Portuguese had a manor house located here that was closely associated with the De Souza family. In 1661, Bombay was ceded to English control as part of the dowry brought to Charles II by the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. Under English rule, Mazagon was further established as an affluent residential district.

View of Colaba.--Artist: Gonsalves, Jose M. (fl. 1826-c.1842) Medium: Lithograph Date: 1826

Lithograph of a view of Colaba by Jose M. Gonsalves (fl. 1826-c.1842) plate 3 from his 'Lithographic Views of Bombay' published in Bombay in 1826. Gonsalves, thought to be of Goan origin, was one of the first artists to practice lithography in Bombay and specialised in topographical views of the city. Colaba was originally the southernmost of Bombay's seven islands and named after the Koli fishermen who lived here. The island was visited by the English residents of Bombay for recreation from the 18th century and also used as a military cantonment in the 19th century. Colaba was connected to Bombay by a causeway that was only accessible at low tide by 1838. Within six years, Colaba became the new centre for the cotton trade

Deccan Brahmins, women of the Vinchoorka family, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1867

ull-length portrait of two women and a child of the Vinchoorka family, Deccani Brahmins, taken by an unknown photographer at Mumbai, c. 1867. This photograph is from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections; one of a series of ethnographical photographs commissioned by the Government of India in the late 19th century to gather information about the people and monuments of India. Material was submitted by both professional and amateur photographers. Ethnographical prints were also produced by large photographic firms and temporary studios in India to meet European demands for souvenirs from the East and in response the rising interest in ethnography. Brahmins are the highest caste of society to which Hindu or Jain priests belong.

Full-length seated portrait of a Shawak Bania, Bombay.--Photographer: Chintamon, Hurrichund Medium: Photographic print Date: 1867

Photograph of a Shawak trader or merchant, taken by Hurrichund Chintamon in the 1860s. A print of this image was shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. This photograph is from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections; one of a series of ethnographical photographs commissioned by the Government of India in the late 19th century. These photographs were part of a survey to gather information about the people and monuments of India. Material was submitted by both professional and amateur photographers.

General view of Poona, near Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860

This photograph of the city of Pune was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s to from part of an album entitled 'Photographs of India and Overland Route'. Pune was the eighteenth-century capital of Raja Shivaji, the Maratha king who defied the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In 1802 Jaswant Rao Holkar defeated the combined armies of the Peshwa and Scindia. As a result of this defeat the Peshwa invited British assistance and Pune was occupied by troops under Wellesley in 1803. After the battle of Kirkee in November 1817 it was surrendered to the British who based the summer headquarters of the Government of Bombay here and established a large military cantonment.

Hindu burning place, S. from near Malabar Hill - cremating the dead Bombay, India--Photographer: Ricalton, James Medium: Photographic print Date: 1903-

Stereoscopic photograph of a Hindu cremation site at Bombay in Maharashtra, taken by James Ricalton in c. 1903, from The Underwood Travel Library: Stereoscopic Views of India. This is a view of a Hindu cremation site with eight or ten pyres, each shielded form the wind by a square screen. Ricalton explains in 'India Through the Stereoscope' (1907) that he requested that one screen be removed to reveal a pile which is beginning to burn. This is one of a series of 100 photographs, designed to be viewed through a special binocular viewer, producing a 3D effect. They were sold together with a book of descriptions and a map with precise locations to enable the 'traveller' to imagine that he was really 'touring' around India. Stereoscopic cameras, those with two lenses and the ability to take two photographs at the same time, were introduced in the mid 19th century and revolutionised photography. They cut down exposure time and thus allowed for some movement in the image without blurring as subjects were not required to sit for long periods to produce sharp results.

Studio portrait of a Kathiawar Rajput, at Bombay.--Photographer: Chintamon, Hurrichund Medium: Photographic print Date: 1867

A studio portrait of a Kathiawar Rajput gentleman posed with a hookah, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This was taken by Hurrichund Chintamon and shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1867. In the 19th century photographers found that the sub-continent offered limitless opportunities to record a vast diversity of peoples and their dress, manners, trades, customs and religions. Ethnographical prints were produced by large firms operating in India as well as by smaller or temporary studios to meet European demands for souvenirs from the East. Figures were often posed to display their characteristic attributes and artefacts. The Indian photographer Hurrichund Chintamon began one of the oldest photographic firms in Bombay (1858-81). He made a notable contribution to the book, 'The People of India'. Indian Museum, London, 1868-75.

Group portrait with the Gaekwar of Baroda, the Governor of Bombay, Sir Richard Temple and various Indian and European officials.]-Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1880-

Group portrait of Sir Sayaji Rao, the young Gaekwar of Baroda (seated, front centre), Sir Richard Temple, Governor of Bombay and officials from the 'Album of portraits and views in Baroda' taken by an unknown photographer in c.1880. Also in the portrait Sir Madhav T Rao, British appointed administrator of Baroda and Phillip S. Melville, Agent to the Governor General. The state of Baroda (Vadodara) in Gujarat, western India was ruled by the Gaekwads from 1734 till Indian Independence. In 1802 a treaty was concluded between the Gaekwar and East India Company by which a British Resident was appointed to the court and a provision was made for the maintenance of a British military force in the state.

The rule of Sayaji Rao (r.1875-1939) was characterised by unprecedented progress and reform. He initiated a number of social reforms and paid great attention to the economic development of the state. He founded modern textile and tile factories and it is largely due to his policies that Vadodara is today one of the most important centres for the textile, chemical and oil industries in India. In order to develop education he introduced compulsory primary schooling, a library system for adult education and founded the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Vadodara.

Portrait of the Nimbalkar of Satara (a Maratha), at Bombay--Photographer: Chintamon, Hurrichund Medium: Photographic print Date: 1867

Studio portrait of the Nimbalkar of Satara (a Maratha), taken at Mumbai by Hurrichund Chintamon c. 1867, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. This photograph was exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. A Maratha was a member of the princely and military class of the former Hindu kingdom of Maharashtra in central India (now the modern state of Maharashtra). Hurrichund Chintamon began one of the first photographic firms in Bombay. He also made a notable contribution to 'The People of India' (published in eight volumes between 1868 and 1875 by the India Museum, London), a compilation of photographs on the tribes, races and castes of India, commissioned by the Government of India.

Tank in Walkeshwar, Bombay.--hotographer: Johnson and Henderson Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855

Photograph of a view of the Walukeshwar temple in Maharashtra from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. The kings of the Silhara dynasty who ruled Bombay from the 9th to the 13th Centuries originally built Walkeshar Temple which is situated on Malabar hill. However it was rebuilt in 1715 after the Portuguese destroyed the original temple. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu deity Walukeshwar (Lord Shiva) or Sand Lord. The tank dates from 1715 and was built by Rama Kamath.

Girgaum Cemetery, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855

A photograph of the cemetry at Girgaum, Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.Girgaum, at the foot of Malabar Hill, takes its name from the Sanskrit words giri (mountain) and grama (village). This was a predominantly rural area until the mid nineteenth Century when the Parel Road was widened making it more accessible and leading to a large increase in population. Today the area retains a few surviving colonial bungalows, as well as numerous examples of modern Indian domestic architecture.

Group of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873

Photograph of pupils of the Alexandra Native Girls' Institution at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image was probably exhibited at the Vienna Universal Exhibition of the same year. Female education in india grew dramatically in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The Imperial Gazetteer of India states regarding female education, "The Government did not take up the subject until 1849, when Lord Dalhousie informed the Bengal Council of Education that henceforth its functions were to embrace female education, and the first girls' school recognized by Government was founded shortly afterwards by a committee of native gentlemen. The despatch of of 1854 directed that female education should receive the frank and cordial support of Government...The Education Commission of 1882 advised that female education should receive special encouragement and special liberality...The adoption of this attitude has resulted in a considerable development of the public instruction of girls, although it still lags far behind that of their brothers. In 1871 there were 134 secondary and 1,760 primary girls' schools; in 1901-2 the numbers were 461 and 5,628 respectively."

80-feet entrance looking north-east. Works complete [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].--Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1888

Construction on the new Victoria Dock in Bombay City took place between 1885 and 1888. The dock and harbour walls and the 80 ft entrance were finished in December 1887, the total length of wharf and entrance walls measured 8,626 ft. In January 1888, on the completion of the caisson, demolition of the portion of the Prince’s Dock wall across the communication passage commenced. The erection of the 80 ft gates was begun on the 19 December 1887 and these with the gate machines were completed by the 20 February. Both the swing bridges with the capstans, sluice machines and the first 20 cargo cranes were erected and ready for work by the end of that year.

Studio portrait of a group of Parsee ladies, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860

Studio portrait of three Parsees and a Parbhu, Bombay.--Photographer: Chintamon, Hurrichund Medium: Photographic print Date: 1867

Portrait of three Parsees and a Parbhu, taken by Hurrichund Chintamon, c. 1867. This photograph was commissioned by the Government of India for the Archaelogical Survey of India and was on show in the Paris Exhibition of 1867.

The group in this view are seated around a small table on which are placed books and writing implements, emphasising their intellectual interests and attainments. The Parsees, or Parsis, are descendants of Persians who fled to India in the seventh and eighth centuries to escape Muslim persecution. The Parsees practice Zorastrianism and their communities are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat states, especially in Bombay. The Parsis are often described as fire-worshippers but they do not worship fire, instead they revere many aspects of nature as manifestations of the divinity of Ahura Mazdah. The Parbhu (Prabhu) is the man second from the right. The Prabhus were one of the oldest Mumbai communities, originally from Gujarat (north-west India) and the neighbouring areas. Most are Shaivas but some also worship Rama and Krishna. The common occupation of Prabhus was that of a clerk but some attained important posts in Government.

North and cross sections of main dam as seen from Musjid subsidiary dam, looking north-east [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay]. 17323--Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1886

A photograph by E Taurines of the Musjid subsidiary dam of the Victoria Dock in Bombay City taken between 1885 and 1888. The Musjid and Nicol basins were absorbed into the new scheme for the extension of the Prince's Dock, which later came to be called Victoria Dock. The subsidiary dams made at these basins were completed in 1886. The excavation and masonry work was undertaken by Messrs Kirby and Co. The Musjid Bunder Storm drain, which discharged into the harbour, had been made to flow into the Stand Road drain by reversing the gradient and the sill raised with rubble and lime masonry.

The Native Judges And Officers Of The Court Of The Recorder at Bombay.--Artist: Orme, Edward (1774 - c.1822) Medium: Engraving, coloured Date: 1805

icture of six 'Native Judges and Officers of the Court of the Recorder, at Bombay', at the beginning of F W Blagdon's book, 'A Brief History of Ancient and Modern India'. According to Blagdon, these drawings 'were taken from life in 1758' and are labelled respectively as holding the following positions. '1. Judge of the Hindoo Law, Antoba Crustnagee Pundit. 2. Interpreter, Rhowangee Sewagee. 3. Hindoo Officer, Lellather Chatta Bhutt. 4. Judge of the Mohomedan Law, Cajee Husson. 5. Officer to the Mooremen, Mahmoud Ackram of the Codjee order or priesthood of the cast of Moormens. 6. Haveldar, or summoning Officer, Mahmound Ismael'.

Esplanade and Bandstand, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855

 photograph of the Esplanade and Bandstand, Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855. After the fall of the Portuguese fort of Bassein in 1739, an Esplanade and parade ground was cleared from the walls of the Bombay fort almost upto present day Crawford Market. People sometimes drove around the esplanade in the evenings as a form of relaxation or simply sat around relaxing. In the early part of the 20th century, tents for showing films were pitched here.-

General view of Mahableshwar, Bombay. 5,800 ft high.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860

his print showing a view of Mahableshwar was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s. It forms part of an album entitled 'Photographs of India and Overland Route'. Mahableshwar was the summer capital of the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj from 1828 onwards, and largely developed under the patronage of General Lodwick. It is located in the Western Ghats, a range of hills in the modern-day state of Maharashtra. Its location some few thousand feet above sea-level provides a cool escape from the heat of Bombay.

'The Bazar Gate and Part of the Town of Bombay taken from the Esplanade'.--Artist: Cussans, Thomas (1796-1870) Medium: Watercolour with pen and ink Date: 1820[BEFORE THE BOMBAY FORT WALLS WERE REMOVED]

ater-colour painting of the Bazar Gate and part of the town of Mumbai (Bombay) by Thomas Cussans (1796-1870). Cussans served in the Madras artillery in 1814, then the Horse Brigade from 1817 to 1829. This is one of 19 drawings (22 folios) of scenes in Mumbai and the south of India together with a few miscellaneous sketches taken between 1817 and c.1822. Inscribed on the cover of the album is: 'Thos Cussans Lt. Madras Artillery. Janry 1817'; and on the title page: 'Thos Cussans, July 30th, 1817'

Originally, Mumbai was composed of seven islands separated by a marshy swamp. Its deep natural harbour led the Portuguese settlers of the 16th Century to call it Bom Bahia (the Good Bay). The British Crown acquired the islands in 1661when Catherine of Braganza married Charles II, as part of her marriage dowry. It was then presented to the East India Company in 1668. The second governor, Gerald Aungier, developed Bombay into a trading port and centre for commerce and inducements were offered to skilled workers and traders to move here. European merchants and shipbuilders from western India were encouraged to settle here and Mumbai soon became a bustling cosmopolitan town.

Railway Bridge [Bombay area].--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855

A photograph of a view of the first railway bridge, near Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.India’s vast railway network is an enduring legacy of the East India Company. The first train departed on the 16th April 1853 from Bombay. The London Illustrated News said that the opening of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway was of much greater importance than British ‘victories in battlefields of Plassey, Assaye and Gujarath’. In 1853 there were 32kms of tracks in the country whereas by 1948 there were nearly 50,000kms.

'Basseen(VASAI) Fort'. Captain James Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay, London, c.1820. Pl. 6.

Coloured lithograph of a view in Bassein Fort by Rudolph Ackermann (1764-1834) after Captain James Barton (1793-1829) plate 6 of Barton's 12 Views of Hill Forts in the Western Ghats near Bombay published in London c.1820. Bassein (Vasai) is situated at the mouth of the Ulhas River north of Bombay. In 1534, the Portuguese seized Bassein from Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, and the town remained in their control for just over 200 years. At the height of its prosperity, Bassein had 5 convents and 13 churches. In 1739, Bassein was taken by the Marathas. In 1802, the British secured the Treaty of Bassein with Peshwa Baji Rao II, which allowed British forces to be stationed in Maratha territory.

'The Fleet under Convoy of H. M.'s Ship 'Chiffone' Captain Wainwright leaving Bombay'. Coloured aquatint by J. Clark after Robert Temple. H.M. 65th Reg. Sept. 14, 1809. From the Apollo Gate

Aquatinter: Clark, J. (fl.1789-1834)
Medium: Aquatint, coloured
Date: 1813

Coloured aquatint of the Fleet under Convoy of H. M.'s Ship 'Chiffone' Captain Wainwright leaving Bombay in Maharashtra by J. Clark (fl.1789-1834) after an original drawing of September 14th 1809 by Robert Temple (fl.early 1800) of the H. M. 65th Regiment and published in London in 1813.

In 1674, Bombay replaced Surat as the headquarters of the English East Company in India. The esplanade, seen in the foreground of this view, provided a clear range of fire from the fort and was added in the 1770s to protect the city from the French.

Studio portrait of Khan Bahadur Padanjee Pestonjee, Member of the Legislative Council, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860-

Three-quarter length seated portrait of Khan Bahadur Padanjee Pestonjee, Member of the Legislative Council, Bombay (Mumbai). This photograph was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections. The Parsees, or Parsis, are descendants of Persians who fled to India in the seventh and eighth centuries to escape Muslim persecution. The Parsis are Zorastrian, often described as fire-worshippers. However, they do not worship fire, instead they revere many aspects of nature as manifestations of the divinity of Ahura Mazdah. Their communities are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat states, especially in Bombay.

Scotch Church, Court-House, and entrance to the Dock-Yard [Bombay].--Photographer: Scott, Charles Medium: Photographic print Date: 1850--THE ICE HOUSE NEXT TO THE CHURCH (DOMED STRUCTURE);WHERE ICE IMPORTED BY SHIP WAS STORED;TILL ICE MAKING WAS DISCOVERED ;NEXT BUILDING IS LAW COURT

Photograph from 'Views in the island of Bombay' by Charles Scott,1850s. This is a view looking north along Apollo Street from the Apollo Gate towards the dockyards entrance on the right. The Scotch Church stands in the left foreground, with Hornby House beyond. The classic Georgian style Saint Andrew's or Scotch Kirk was completed in 1819. Hornby House, which initially began as a residence to the Governor Hornby, served as the Law Court until the late 1870s when it became the Great Western Hotel. Between this building and the church, stands the domed Ice-House, erected by subscription in 1843 for the consignments of ice which were imported regularly and sold to the public. When ice began to be manufactured in Bombay the Ice-House lost its purpose and was used as a godown until it was demolished years later.
A PALKHI WALA (PALANQUIN CARRIER)CAN BE SEEN SITTING NEXT TO THE PALKHI ;NEAR CHURCH STEPS.THE ROAD LEADS TO THE 'CHURCH GATE' OF THE BOMBAY FORT WALL

The most magnificent railway station in the world, Bombay, India--Photographer: Ricalton, James Medium: Photographic print Date: 1903

Stereoscopic photograph of the Railway Station (Victoria Terminus) at Bombay in Maharashtra, taken by James Ricalton in c. 1903, from The Underwood Travel Library: Stereoscopic Views of India. Victoria Terminus in Bombay is the most exuberant Victorian Gothic building in the city. It was designed by William Stevens and built between 1878 and 1887. This is one of a series of 100 photographs, designed to be viewed through a special binocular viewer, producing a 3D effect. They were sold together with a book of descriptions and a map with precise locations to enable the 'traveller' to imagine that he was really touring around India. Stereoscopic cameras, those with two lenses and the ability to take two photographs at the same time, were introduced in the mid 19th century and revolutionised photography. They cut down exposure time and thus allowed for some movement in the image without blurring as subjects were not required to sit for long periods to produce sharp results.

Byculla Club, Bombay.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1855

A photograph of the Byculla Club, Bombay from the 'Vibart Collection of Views in South India' taken by an unknown photographer about 1855.The Byculla Club opened in 1833, the first of Bombay’s residential clubs serving the British residents of the prosperous and elegant suburb of Byculla. It was turned into a hospital during the First World War and was eventually sold in the 1920s.

Group of Maratha pupils and masters in class of the Elphinstone High School, Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873

Photograph of pupils in a class of the Elphinstone High School at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image of pupils gathered around a table conducting an experiment, possibly in physics, was shown at the Vienna Exhibition of the same year. The school shown here is named after Mountstuart Elphinstone who helped to establish the educational structure of the Bombay area. The Imperial Gazetteer of India states, "There are three classes of secondary schools - the vernacular and English middle schools, and the high schools...The English secondary school stage is divided into middle and high school sections, which really form portions of the same course...the English school education should ordinarily be completed by the time the pupil attained the age of sixteen...In English secondary schools the main course has hitherto led up to the matriculation or entrance examination of one or other of the Universities. There are other courses of a more practical character leading up to different examinations...A purely literary education has been more popular among both parents and students, as being in itself more attractive to them and as affording a better opening for remunerative employment. The matriculation has generally been accepted as a qualifying test by Government and private employers as well as by the Universities, and has been regarded as the common goal of the school career."

The Grant Medical College, with part of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's Hospital, Bombay.'--Artist: Sargent, G.R. (fl. c.1844) Medium: Engraving Date: 1844

Engraving of the Grant Medical College showing part of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy's Hospital in Bombay by G. R. Sargent from his own drawing and published by him in London in 1844. The engraving was printed by M & N Hanhart. The Grant Medical College and the Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital were built in the 1840s and funded jointly by Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy and the East India Company. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (1783-1859) was a Parsi merchant and eminent philanthropist. The Grant Medical College is shown in the foreground of this view. It was named after Sir Robert Grant, the Governor of Bombay between 1835 and 1838.

Ceremony of admitting water to Victoria Dock by Lady Reay [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].---Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1888

On 21 February 1888, after work was completed on Victoria Dock, water was allowed for the first time through the sluices communicating with the Prince’s Dock. Lady Reay, in the presence of the Governor of Bombay Richard Temple, the Trustees of the Bombay Port and a few others opened the first sluice, and the dock was filled with water by the end of that month. The intention of the Trustees was to formally open the dock with some ceremony early in April when the direct entrance from the sea would be available, but the demand for dock accommodation became so urgent that in the early part of March of the same year, the first steamer, the St. Regulus, was accordingly admitted through the communications passage. Entrance via the sea-gates was made available on 3 April..

Inlet tower with a portion of the principal dam of the Vehar Reservoir of the Bombay Waterworks--Lithographer: Brooks, Vincent (1814-85) Medium: Lithograph, coloured Date: 1857

Coloured lithograph by Vincent Brooks of the inlet tower, with a portion of the principal dam, of the Vehar Reservoir of the Bombay Waterworks at Bombay in Maharashtra, dated c.1857.

Panorama of Bombay from the Malabar Hill.--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1880

View from N.E. corner looking S., forming with A [print 44], a complete panoramic view of works from N.E. [Victoria Dock construction, Bombay].-Photographer: Taurines, E. Medium: Photographic print Date: 1887-

The idea for the construction of a wet docks for the use of shipping in Bombay harbour was first suggested by M. Malet when member of Council in 1855. In 1866, Russell Aitken, Executive Engineer to the Municipality prepared the foundation of a Harbour and Dock Trust which could raise money for the construction of wet docks on the Elphinstone and Mody Bay reclamations as private companies had gone into a recession. In 1875, the first stone was laid in the hope that the new dock would create a prosperous revolution in the trade of Bombay. In April 1879, the Prince's Dock was thrown open by the Governor of Bombay, Sir Richard Temple. In 1884, it was decided to extend the dock and construction then began on the Victoria Dock.

On the road to the old 'Marine Lines', Bombay--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1870

Photograph with a view of a carriage on a road lined with palms at Bombay (Mumbai), Maharashtra, taken by an unknown photographer in the 1870s, part of the Bellew Collection of Architectural Views. The area known as Marine Lines at Bombay took its name from the 10th Marine Battalion of the Bombay Pioneers, composed of Indian troops led by British officers, which was stationed here in the mid-19th century.

Group of pupils of the Juggunath Shankarset Girls' School, Bomba--Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1873

Photograph of a group of pupils from the Juggunath Shankarset Girls' School at Bombay in Maharashtra from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections: India Office Series (Volume 46), taken by an unknown photographer in c. 1873. This image of pupils posed on the verandah was probably shown at the Vienna Exhibition of that year. On the photograph, there is a letterpress caption, above the main caption, which reads "Student's Literary & Scientific Society, founded 1848. President Dr Bhau Daji." S.M. Edwardes wrote in The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island (3 vols, Bombay (1909-10), "...The Students' Literary and Scientific Society, which supported nine vernacular free schools for girls, attended by 654 pupils, of whom 136 were Marathi-speaking Hindus, 120 Gujarati Hindus and 398 Parsis...The formation of this society was promoted by Professor Patton of the Elphinstone College in 1848. It was intended by the student and assistant teachers of the Elphinstone Institution to be a mutual improvement society and to aid the dissemination of knowledge by means of vernacular lectures and the publication of cheap periodicals in the vernacular languages..."

'Parell. The Government House, Bombay'. Lithograph by Day & Son from Sir Harry Darrell's China, India and the Cape London, 1852. Proof.-Artist: Darrell, Sir Harry Francis Colville (1814-1853), after Medium: Lithograph, coloured Date: 1852-

Coloured lithograph of the Government House at Parel in Bombay by Day & Son after Sir Harry Francis Colville Darrell (1814-1853) from his 'China, India and the Cape' published in London in 1852. Parel, originally an island, is located in the northern part of Bombay. The building shown in this view was built by the Jesuits under Portuguese rule in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was used as a country retreat for the English Governor of Bombay from 1719. In 1829, the building officially became the Government House. However, in the 1880s the Government House was relocated to Malabar Point.

General view of The Esplanade, Bombay.Photographer: Unknown Medium: Photographic print Date: 1860

This view of the Esplanade in Bombay was taken by an unknown photographer in the 1860s. Originally, Bombay was composed of seven islands separated by a marshy swamp. It’s deep natural harbour led the Portuguese settlers of the sixteenth century to call it Bom Bahia (the Good Bay). The British Crown acquired the islands in 1661when Catherine of Braganza married Charles II, as part of her marriage dowry. It was then presented to the East India Company in 1668. The second governor, Gerald Aungier, developed Bombay into a trading port and centre for commerce and inducements were offered to skilled workers and traders to move here. The Esplanade, now an area known as the Maidans, is set behind Marine Drive on the western side of Colaba Causeway. Before the land on which Marine Drive was built was reclaimed from the sea, the area formed the seaside esplanade behind Chowpatty Beach.